Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Nyctixalus Boulenger, 1882

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Rhacophoridae > Subfamily: Rhacophorinae > Genus: Nyctixalus

3 species

Nyctixalus Boulenger, 1882, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 10: 35. Type species: Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882, by monotypy.

Hazelia Taylor, 1920, Philipp. J. Sci., 16: 292. Type species: Hazelia spinosa Taylor, 1920, by original designation. Preoccupied by Hazelia Walcott, 1920. Synonymy with Nyctixalus by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 255.

Edwardtayloria Marx, 1975, Sci. Publ. Sci. Mus. Minnesota, N.S., 2: 1–3. Replacement name for Hazelia Taylor, 1920.

Nyctixalus — Poyarkov, Orlov, Moiseeva, Pawangkhanant, Ruangsuwan, Vassilieva, Galoyan, Nguyen, and Gogoleva, 2015, Russ. J. Herpetol., 22: 256. Treatment as a subgenus of Theloderma.

Common Names

Indonesian Treefrogs (Nyctixalus: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 111).

Distribution

Lowland and montane rainforests of Mindanao, Leyte, Bohol, Palawan, and Basilan Islands, Philippines; Peninsular Thailand (Yala) and Myanmar; and northern Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia, Brunei, and northern Kalimantan, Indonesia) and northern Sumatra, 50–100 m elevation and Java; possibly Vietnam.

Comment

Nyctixalus was removed from the synonymy of Philautus by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 257, where it had been placed by Smith, 1931, Bull. Raffles Mus., 5: 19. See comment under Theloderma moloch. Wilkinson, Drewes, and Tatum, 2002, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 24: 265–273, Grosjean, Delorme, Dubois, and Ohler, 2008, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 46: 169–176, Li, Che, Bain, Zhao, and Zhang, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 48: 302–312, and Yu, Rao, Zhang, and Yang, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 50: 571–579, suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that Nyctixalus is the sister taxon of Theloderma. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed this placement. Li, Li, Klaus, Rao, Hillis, and Zhang, 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110: 3441–3446, further confirmed this placement. See extensive relevant comments under Theloderma. Sivongxay, Davankham, Phimmachak, Phoumixay, and Stuart, 2016, Zootaxa, 4147: 440, discussed the issues of misidentified tissues, inter-analytical method discrepancy and the history of the discussion and on this basis recognized Nyctixalus as distinct from Theloderma.

Contained taxa (3 sp.):

Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882

Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871)

Nyctixalus spinosus (Taylor, 1920)

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