Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Hynobiinae Cope, 1859

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Hynobiidae > Subfamily: Hynobiinae

87 species

Molgina Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p. Type genus: Molge Bonaparte, 1839 (= Hynobius Tschudi, 1838).

Molgidae Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 14. Type genus: Molge Bonaparte, 1839 (= Hynobius Tschudi, 1838).

Ellipsoglossidae Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8: 11. Type genus: Ellipsoglossa Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854 (= Hynobius Tschudi, 1838). Synonymy by Cope, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11: 125; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 31; by implication of regarding Ellipsoglossa as a junior synonym of Hynobius.

Hynobiidae Cope, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11: 125. Type genus: Hynobius Tschudi, 1838.

Molgida — Knauer, 1878, Naturgesch. Lurche: 97.

Geyeriellinae Brame, 1958, List World’s Fossil Caudata: 5. Type genus: Geyeriella Herre, 1950. Unavailable name due to being distributed by mimeograph.

Hynobiinae — Regal, 1966, Evolution, 20: 405; Fei and Ye, 2000, Cultum Herpetol. Sinica, 8: 64.

Protohynobiinae Fei and Ye, 2000, Cultum Herpetol. Sinica, 8: 64. Type genus: Protohynobius Fei and Ye, 2000. Synonymy by Peng, Zhang, Xiong, Gu, Zeng, and Zou, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 56: 257.

Hynobiini — Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77–161. Explicit tribe.

Hynobiina — Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77–161. Explicit subtribe.

Protohynobiina — Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77–161. Explicit subtribe.

Salamandrellini Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77–161. Type genus: Salamandrella Dybowski, 1870. Explicit tribe.

Pachyhynobiini Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77–161. Type genus: Pachyhynobius Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983. Explicit tribe.

Ranodontini Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77–161. Type genus: Ranodon Kessler, 1866. Explicit tribe.

Hynobiinia — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 275. Infratribe.

Hynobiinoa — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 275. Hypotribe.

Satobiinoa Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 276. Type genus: Satobius Adler and Zhao, 1990.

Protohynobiinia — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 276. Infratribe.

Salamandrellina — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 276. Subtribe.

Ranodontini — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 276. Tribe.

Iranodontina Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 276. Type genus: Iranodon Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012. Subtribe.

Ranodontina — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 276. Subtribe.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

From Kamchatka through Siberia to eastern European Russia to Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Iran and eastward to Korea, Japan, and China.

Geographics occurrence

Natural resident: Afghanistan, China, People's Republic of, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Democratic People's Republic (North), Korea, Republic of (South), Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russia, Taiwan, Tajikistan

Comment

Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 77-161, on at least the partial basis of the unpublished dissertation of Nikolai Poyarkov provided a taxonomy of four tribes: Salamandrellini (for Salamandrella), Pachyhynobiini (for Pachyhynobius), Ranodontini (for former Ranodon), and a likely paraphyletic Hynobiini (for former Hynobius, Pseudohynobius, Liua, and Batrachuperus). They additionally resurrected a number of subtribes and new subgenera although the evidentiary basis for these should be carefully evaluated given the propensity of these authors to intentionally recognize non-monophyletic groups on the basis of other people's data (DRF). See Chen, Mao, Liang, Kuro-o, Zeng, and Zhang, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 83: 1–6, for a falsification of Dubois and Raffaelli's (2012) Hynobiini. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 1–738, provided a phylogenetic analysis and complex nomenclatural treatment of this subfamily.

Contained taxa (87 sp.):

"Hynobius" turkestanicus Nikolskii, 1910

Batrachuperus Boulenger, 1878 (7 sp.)

Hynobius Tschudi, 1838 (65 sp.)

Liua Zhao and Hu, 1983 (2 sp.)

Pachyhynobius Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983 (1 sp.)

Paradactylodon Risch, 1984 (2 sp.)

Pseudohynobius Fei and Yang, 1983 (6 sp.)

Ranodon Kessler, 1866 (1 sp.)

Salamandrella Dybowski, 1870 (2 sp.)

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