Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Neurergus derjugini (Nesterov, 1916)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Salamandridae > Subfamily: Pleurodelinae > Genus: Neurergus > Species: Neurergus derjugini

Rhithrotriton derjugini Nesterov, 1916, Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, 21: 1. Syntypes: ZISP, according to Brame, 1972, Checklist Living & Fossil Salamand. World (Unpubl. MS): 54, but including animal figured in original publication. Type locality: "montibus Surkeu" (= Surkev Mountains, Kurdistan), Iran. Synonymy by with Neurergus crocatus by Nikolskii, 1918, Fauna Rossii, Zemnovodnye: 197; Wolterstorff, 1926, Zool. Anz., 67: 1-6.

Rhithrotriton derjugini var. microspilotus Nesterov, 1916, Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, 21: 2, 5. Type(s): Including animal figured in the original publication; possibly ZISP, but not seen by Nikolskii, 1918, Fauna Rossii, Zemnovodnye: 198. Type locality: "montibus Auromana" (= Avroman-Dagh), Balch, Iraq, and Tawale, Province Kurdistan, Iran.

Triton crocatus forma microspilota — Wolterstorff, 1926, Zool. Anz., 67: 2.

Triton crocatus forma derjugini — Wolterstorff, 1926, Zool. Anz., 67: 1-6.

Triton crocatus microspilotus — Bolkay, 1927, Glasn. Zemaljskog Muz. Bosni Hercegov., 39: 67.

Neurergus derjugini — Terentjev, 1930, Trudy Leningrad. Obshchestvo Estestvoispytateleĭ, 40: 59.

Neurergus crocatus microspilotus — Schmidt, 1939, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 24: 52.

Triturus crocatus derjugini — Bodenheimer, 1944, Istanbul Univ. Fen. Fak. Mec., Seri B, 9: 7.

Triturus crocatus microspilotus — Bodenheimer, 1944, Istanbul Univ. Fen. Fak. Mec., Seri B, 9: 7.

Neurergus microspilotus — Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1975, Salamandra, 11: 93.

Neurergus (Neurergus) microspilotus — Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2009, Alytes, 26: 66.

Neurergus derjugini derjugini — Schneider and Schneider, 2011, Herpetozoa, Wien, 23: 3.

Neurergus derjugini microspilotus — Schneider and Schneider, 2011, Herpetozoa, Wien, 23: 3.

English Names

Kurdistan Newt (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 32; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 35).

Kordestan Newt (Baloutch and Kami, 1995, Amph. Iran: 98).

Derjugin's (Kordestan) Mountain Newt (Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Rajabizadeh, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 267).

Yellow-spotted Mountain Newt (Salehi, Akmali, and Sharifi, 2019, Herpetol. J., 29: 37).

Distribution

Montane western Kordestan, West Azarbaijan, and northwestern Kermanshah provinces, Iran, 1300–1400 m elevation; adjacent northeastern Iraq.

Comment

Thorn and Raffaëlli, 2000, Salamand. Ancien Monde: 346–347, and Baloutch and Kami, 1995, Amph. Iran: 98-100, provided accounts. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 140–141, provided a brief account, photo, and map. Sharifi, Rastegar-Pouyani, Akmali, and Narenji, 2008, Russ. J. Herpetol., 15: 169–172, discussed geographic variation of morphology. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 604. Özdemir, Üzüm, Avcı, and Olgun, 2009, Herpetologica, 65: 280–291, suggested that Neurergus kaiseri is the sister taxon of Neurergus microspilotus. Schneider and Schneider, 2011, Herpetozoa, Wien, 23: 3–20, discussed the taxonomy of this species, transferred Rhithrotriton derjugini from the synonymy of Neurergus crocatus and recognized two nominal subspecies. Schneider and Schneider, 2013, Herpetozoa, Wien, 26: 27–38, reported on geographic variation, provided new localities, and confirmed the synonymy of Neurergus microspilotus. Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Rajabizadeh, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 257–290, reported on distribution and conservation status in Iran. Bozorgi, Kiabi, Kami, Ahmadzadeh, Mohammadi, and Alizadeh, 2015, Russ. J. Herpetol., 22: 103–106, discussed the range of Neurergus derjugini derjugini in Kordestan Province, Iran. Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 258–260, reviewed the biology, characteristics, distribution, reproduction, and conservation of the species. Barabanov and Litvinchuk, 2015, Russ. J. Herpetol., 22: 107–115, provided a new record in Iran, mapped the range, and discussed the potential range. Rancilhac, Goudarzi, Gehara, Hemami, Elmer, Vences, and Steinfartz, 2019, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 133: 189–197, discussed molecular phylogenetics within Neurergus and suggested that this species may contain unnamed lineages. Salehi, Akmali, and Sharifi, 2019, Herpetol. J., 29: 37–47, reported on the mtDNA landscape genetics of the species in Iran and Irag. See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 149, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology (including a description of the cause of its imminent extinction), a range map, as well as a photograph. Afroosheh, Rödder, Mikulíček, Akmali, Vaissi, Fleck, Schneider, and Sharifi, 2019, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 57: 580–590, also found two geographically constrained mtDNA lineages. Malekoutian, Sharifi, and Vaissi, 2020, Ecol. Evol., 10: 2661–2676, reported on mtDNA phylogeography and Pleistocene refugia in the mid-Zagros Range in Iran and Iraq.

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