Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Hypogeophis Peters, 1880

Class: Amphibia > Order: Gymnophiona > Family: Grandisoniidae > Genus: Hypogeophis

7 species

Hypogeophis Peters, 1880 "1879", Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879: 936. Type species: Hypogeophis rostratus (Cuvier, 1829) (= Coecilia rostrata Cuvier, 1829), by subsequent designation of Parker, 1958, Copeia, 1958: 74.

Grandisonia Taylor, 1968, Caecilians of the World: 749. Type species: Hypogeophis alternans Stejneger, 1893, by original designation. Synonymy by Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5:

Common Names

Frigate Island Caecilians (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 24).

Seychelles Caecilians (Grandisonia [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 24).

Distribution

Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean.

Comment

Wilkinson and Nussbaum, 2006, In Exbrayat (ed.), Reprod. Biol. Phylog. Gymnophiona: 65, diagnosed the taxon. Wilkinson and Nussbaum, 2006, In Exbrayat (ed.), Reprod. Biol. Phylog. Gymnophionaezembed: 49, 64, diagnosed the taxon and suggested that Grandisonia might be paraphyletic with respect to Hypogeophis and that this group is the sister taxon of Praslinia. On the basis of sparse taxon sampling San Mauro, Gower, Müller, Loader, Zardoya, Nussbaum, and Wilkinson, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 73: 182, found Grandisonia to be the sister taxon of Hypogeophis. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 269, 470, suggested on the basis of weak molecular evidence (Hypogeophis brevis forming the sister taxon of Grandisonia with low statistical support to the exclusion of Hypogeophis rostratus) that Grandisonia renders Hypogeophis paraphyletic and they placed Grandisonia into the synonymy of Hypogeophis. Sherlock, Streicher, Gower, Maddock, Nussbaum, Oommen, Serra Silva, Day, and Wilkinson, 2024, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 198(108130): 1–8, provided a molecular tree (SNP genomic data) of the group and concurred with the synonymy of Grandisonia with Hypogeophis.

Contained taxa (7 sp.):

Hypogeophis alternans Stejneger, 1893

Hypogeophis brevis Boulenger, 1911

Hypogeophis larvatus (Ahl, 1934)

Hypogeophis montanus Maddock, Wilkinson, and Gower, 2018

Hypogeophis pti Maddock, Wilkinson, Nussbaum, and Gower, 2017

Hypogeophis rostratus (Cuvier, 1829)

Hypogeophis sechellensis (Boulenger, 1911)

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