Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Bombina Oken, 1816

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bombinatoridae > Genus: Bombina

7 species

Bombina Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturgesch., 3(2): 207. Type species: Rana bombina Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Mertens and Müller, 1928, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 41: 16, and Opinion 453, Anonymous, 1957, Opin. Declar. Internatl. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 15: 347 (which validated Bombina Oken, 1816, although the publication was otherwise considered to be unavailable by Opinion 417 (Anonymous, 1956, Opin. Declar. Internatl. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 14: 1–42).

Bombinator Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 178. Type species: Bufo igneus Laurenti, 1768, by subsequent designation of Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 485. Synonymy by Nikolskii, 1918, Fauna Rossii, Zemnovodnye: 166.

Bombitator Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 179. Unjustified emendation of Bombinator Merrem, 1820, evidenced by footnote 4 at bottom of page 206 in Wagler. See Dubois, 1987, Alytes, 6: 43, for discussion.

Glandula Tian and Hu, 1985, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 4 (3): 220, 223. Type species: Bombinator maximus Boulenger, 1905, by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Bombina. Preoccupied by Glandula Stimpson, 1852.

Grobina Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 97–98. Replacement name for Glandula Tian and Hu, 1986.

Common Names

Firebellied Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 51).

Firebelly Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 38).

Distribution

Europe, Türkiye, western and eastern Russia (disjunct), China, Korea, and Vietnam.

Comment

See comment under Barbourula. Tian and Hu, 1985, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 4 (3): 219–224, recognized two subgenera, Bombina and Glandula. Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 97, noted that Glandula was preoccupied and supplied a replacement name, Grobina. See comment by Zhao and Adler, 1993, Herpetol. China: 114, on Bombina. Liu and Yang, 1993, Asiat. Herpetol. Res., 5: 137–142, discussed karyology of Chinese species and supported the subgeneric distinction of Bombina and Glandula (now Grobina). See Nöllert, 1996, Naturschutz Rep., 11: 1–260, for summaries of biology and ecology of Bombina variegata, Bombina pachypus, and Bombina bombina in Europe. Herrmann, Kühnel, and Kabisch, 1997, in Böhme et al. (eds.), Herpetol. Bonn.: 161–168, discussed the relationships and interspecific variation of the members of Grobina (Bombina maxima, Bombina microdeladigitora, and Bombina fortinuptialis). Lang, 1988, Brit. Herpetol. Soc. Bull., 26: 6–13, summarized taxonomy and distribution of the species. Fei, Ye, Huang, Jiang, and Xie, 2005, in Fei et al. (eds.), Illust. Key Chinese Amph.: 52–54, provided a key to the species of China. Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 365–377, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of Bombina. Pabijan, Spolsky, Uzzell, and Szymura, 2008, J. Mol. Evol., 67: 246–256, reported on mitochondrial genomic evolution in Bombina. Zheng, Fu, and Li, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 70–83, also reported on molecular evolution in the taxon and biogeography∂ƒ. See comments on systematics by Guarino, Picariello, and Venchi, 2007, in Lanza et al. (eds.), Fauna d'Italia, 42 (Amph.): 277–280. Pabijan, Wandycz, Hofman, Węcek, Piwczyński, and Szymura, 2013, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 69: 63–74, reported on a phylogenetic analysis of the species within the genus, based on complete mtDNA genomes that rendered a topology of (Bombina maxima + Bombina microdeladigitora) + (Bombina orientalis + (Bombina bombina + Bombina variegata)). Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 426–445, provided accounts, photographs, and range maps for the Chinese species. Barbhuiya , Uddin, and Chakraborty, 2019, J. Mol. Develop. Evol., 332: 99–112, reported on codon usage and provided a molecular tree of relationships of (Bombina fortinuptialis + Bombina lichuanensis + Bombina maxima + Bombina microdeladigitora) + (Bombina bombina + Bombina orientalis + Bombina variega).

Contained taxa (7 sp.):

Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761)

Bombina fortinuptialis Hu and Wu, 1978

Bombina lichuanensis Ye and Fei, 1993

Bombina maxima (Boulenger, 1905)

Bombina microdeladigitora Liu, Hu, and Yang, 1960

Bombina orientalis (Boulenger, 1890)

Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758)

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