Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Dendrophryniscus

16 species

Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 65. Type species: Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, by monotypy.

English Names

Tree Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44).

Distribution

Atlantic forests of Brazil.

Comment

McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 49, considered Dendrophryniscus to be most closely related to Melanophryniscus. Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 197-205, considered it to be the sister-taxon of Oreophrynella. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 129, suggested that Dendrophryniscus is placed in a pectinate tree above the level of the branches leading to Osornophryne, Atelopus, and Melanophryniscus (and likely, Truebella) and that any similarities to these genera is due to retention of plesiomorphic characteristics. Izecksohn, 1994 "1993", Rev. Brasil. Zool., 10: 473-488, provided a key to the species. Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 121, suggested evidence supporting the monophyly of this taxon. Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1-10, suggested that Dendrophryniscus is the sister taxon of all bufonids, excluding Melanophryniscus (although the atelopodines and Truebella were not included in the analysis). Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679-682, suggested that Dendrophryniscus is the sister taxon of all bufonids, excluding Melanophryniscus, Atelopus, Osornophryne, and Oreophrynella (but could not include Truebella in their analysis). Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences, confirmed this arrangement (although not studying Oreophrynella). Portik and Papenfuss, 2015, BMC Evol. Biol., 15 (152): 1–19.\, recovered Dendrophryniscus as the sister taxon of all bufonids, excluding Melanophryniscus. Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 62: 826-838, partitioned Dendrophryniscus into Dendrophyniscus and Amazonella. Cruz, Caramaschi, Fusinatto, and Brasileiro, 2019, Zootaxa, 4648: 27–62, reviewed Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus, resulting in the redelimitation of that species, a phylogenetic analysis of the genus, and the naming of four new species.

Contained taxa (16 sp.):

Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae Izecksohn, 1994

Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870

Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi Izecksohn, 1994

Dendrophryniscus davori Cruz, Caramaschi, Fusinatto, and Brasileiro, 2019

Dendrophryniscus haddadi Cruz, Caramaschi, Fusinatto, and Brasileiro, 2019

Dendrophryniscus imitator (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)

Dendrophryniscus izecksohni Cruz, Caramaschi, Fusinatto, and Brasileiro, 2019

Dendrophryniscus jureia Cruz, Caramaschi, Fusinatto, and Brasileiro, 2019

Dendrophryniscus krausae Cruz and Fusinatto, 2008

Dendrophryniscus lauroi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)

Dendrophryniscus leucomystax Izecksohn, 1968

Dendrophryniscus oreites Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Camacho, and Rodrigues, 2010

Dendrophryniscus organensis Carvalho-e-Silva, Mongin, Izecksohn, and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2010

Dendrophryniscus proboscideus (Boulenger, 1882)

Dendrophryniscus skuki (Caramaschi, 2012)

Dendrophryniscus stawiarskyi Izecksohn, 1994

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