Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pelophryne Barbour, 1938

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Pelophryne

13 species

Pelophryne Barbour, 1938, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51: 192. Type species: Pelophryne albotaeniata Barbour, 1938, by original designation.

English Names

Flathead Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 45).

Dwarf Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 43).

Distribution

Philippines; Borneo; Malaya and adjacent Singapore; Hainan I., China.

Geographics occurrence

Natural resident: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Malaysia, East (Sarawak and/or Sabah), Malaysia, West (Peninsular), Philippines, Singapore

Comment

Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 122, noted that there is no unambiguous evidence in support of the monophyly of this taxon. See comment under Parapelophryne. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 129, on the basis of molecular evidence considered Pelophryne to be distantly related to other Asian bufonids, and most closely related to South American Rhinella and Ramphophryne. Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 78-90, reviewed the Bornean species and Inger, 1954, Fieldiana, Zool., 33: 233-239, reviewed the Philippine forms. See Inger, 1960, Fieldiana, Zool., 39: 415-418, for revisory notes. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6-8, implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo; see comment under Bufonidae. Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1-10, and Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679-682, on the basis of molecular evidence suggested that Pelophryne is the sister taxon of Ansonia. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, confirmed this relationship and provided a tree of their exemplar species. Matsui, 2019, Curr. Herpetol., Kyoto, 38: 128–139, detailed the taxonomic confusion surrounding Pelophryne brevipes and Pelophryne signata, noted candidate species, and named Pelophryne ingeri.

Contained taxa (13 sp.):

Pelophryne albotaeniata Barbour, 1938

Pelophryne api Dring, 1983

Pelophryne brevipes (Peters, 1867)

Pelophryne guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)

Pelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019

Pelophryne lighti (Taylor, 1920)

Pelophryne linanitensis Das, 2008

Pelophryne misera (Mocquard, 1890)

Pelophryne murudensis Das, 2008

Pelophryne penrissenensis Matsui, Nishikawa, Eto, and Hossman, 2017

Pelophryne rhopophilia Inger and Stuebing, 1996

Pelophryne saravacensis Inger and Stuebing, 2009

Pelophryne signata (Boulenger, 1895)

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