Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Heterixalus Laurent, 1944

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hyperoliidae > Subfamily: Hyperoliinae > Genus: Heterixalus

11 species

Heterixalus Laurent, 1944, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 38: 111. Type species: Eucnemis madagascariensis Duméril and Bibron, 1841, by original designation. Coined as a subgenus of Megalixalus.

Heterixalus — Laurent, 1950, Explor. Parc Natl. Albert, Miss. G.F. de Witte (1933–1935), 64: 14. Laurent and Combaz, 1950, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 43: 277. Elevation to generic status.

Common Names

Madagascar Reed Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 66).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Comment

See comment under Hyperolius. See Blommers-Schlösser, 1978, Genetica, 48: 23-40, for karyotypes. See Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 84-87, for synonymies and accounts. Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 111-126, provided accounts and synonymies. Glaw and Vences, 2007, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Madagascar, Ed. 3: 100-104, provided accounts of the species. Schmidt, Glaw, and Vences, 2002, Reptilia, 6: 71-78, provided distribution maps, color photographs, and brief characterizations of the species. Odierna, Aprea, Andreone, Böhme, and Vences, 2007, Ital. J. Zool., 74: 71-81, discussed karyotype evolution within Heterixalus and its relative position among hyperoliid genera. Wollenberg, Glaw, Meyer, and Vences, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 45: 14-22, provided a molecular phylogeny of the taxon and suggested that Heterixalus is the sister taxon of Tachymenis. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their molecular study, confirmed this relationship.

Contained taxa (11 sp.):

Heterixalus alboguttatus (Boulenger, 1882)

Heterixalus andrakata Glaw and Vences, 1991

Heterixalus betsileo (Grandidier, 1872)

Heterixalus boettgeri (Mocquard, 1902)

Heterixalus carbonei Vences, Glaw, Jesu, and Schimmenti, 2000

Heterixalus luteostriatus (Andersson, 1910)

Heterixalus madagascariensis (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)

Heterixalus punctatus Glaw and Vences, 1994

Heterixalus rutenbergi (Boettger, 1881)

Heterixalus tricolor (Boettger, 1881)

Heterixalus variabilis (Ahl, 1930)

External links:

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