Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Asterophryinae > Genus: Asterophrys

8 species

Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 45, 82. Type species: Ceratophrys turpicola Schlegel, 1837, by monotypy.

Metamagnusia Günther, 2009, Zoosyst. Evol., Berlin, 85: 172. Type species: Metamagnusia marani Günther, 2009, by original designation. Synonymy by Rivera, Kraus, Allison, and Butler, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 112: 7.

Pseudocallulops Günther, 2009, Zoosyst. Evol., Berlin, 85: 182. Type species: Callulops pullifer Günther, 2006, by original designation. Synonymy by Rivera, Kraus, Allison, and Butler, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 112: 7.

Oninia Günther, Stelbrink, and von Rintelen, 2010, Zoosyst. Evol., Berlin, 86: 246. Type species: Oninia senglaubi Günther, Stelbrink, and von Rintelen, 2010, by original designation. Synonymy by Hill, Fraser, Gao, Jarman, Henry, Iova, Allison, and Butler, 2022, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 177 (107618): 10.

Common Names

New Guinea Bush Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 87).

Distribution

New Guinea.

Comment

Köhler and Günther, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 47: 353-365, on the basis of molecular evidence suggested that Asterophrys is phylogenetically imbedded within a nonmonophyletic Callulops. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, corroborated this result. Metamagnusia was considered the sister taxon of Asterophrys according to the original publication. Günther, Stelbrink, and von Rintelen, 2010, Zoosyst. Evol., Berlin, 86: 245-256, provided molecular relationships, suggesting that Metamagnusia is the sister taxon of Asterophrys. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, confirmed this result but because they adopted an antiquated taxonomy this is difficult to appreciate. Rittmeyer, Allison, Gründler, Thompson, and Austin, 2012, PLoS One, 7 (1: e29797): Supplemental data, their figure S1, recovered Metamagnusia as nonmonophyletic with one species, Metamagnusia slateri forming the sister taxon of Asterophrys, and Metamagnusa marani forming the sister taxon of that group + Pseudocallulops. Pseudocallulops was considered to be the sister taxon of Asterophrys + Metamagnusia according to the original publication. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, did not address Pseudocallulops Rivera, Kraus, Allison, and Butler, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 112: 1–11, reported on the phylogenetics of the group and on the basis of denser taxon sampling placed Pseudocallulops and Metamagnusia into the synonymy of Asterophrys. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 418, placed all asterophryine genera except for Gastrophrynoides (and by implication Siamophryne and Vietnamophryne) into Asterophrys, reflecting the state of disarray of taxonomy in the group. Hill, Jarman, Fraser, Gao, Henry, Fisher, Iova, Allison, and Butler, 2023, Data in Brief, 47 (108987): 1–13, provided molecular evidence that the genus is monophyletic and the sister of Callulops + Xenorhina.

Contained taxa (8 sp.):

Asterophrys eurydactyla (Zweifel, 1972)

Asterophrys foja (Günther, Richards, and Tjaturadi, 2016)

Asterophrys leucopus Richards, Johnston, and Burton, 1994

Asterophrys marani (Günther, 2009)

Asterophrys pullifer (Günther, 2006)

Asterophrys senglaubi (Günther, Stelbrink, and von Rintelen, 2010)

Asterophrys slateri Loveridge, 1955

Asterophrys turpicola (Schlegel, 1837)

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