Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Gastrophryninae > Genus: Ctenophryne

6 species

Glossostoma Günther, 1901, Biol. Centr. Amer., Rept. Batr., Vol. 7, Part 166: 210. Type species: Glossostoma aterrimum Günther, 1900, by monotypy. Junior homonym of Glossostoma LeConte, 1851 (Turbellaria). Synonymy with Ctenophryne by de Sá, Streicher, Sekonyela, Forlani, Loader, Greenbaum, Richards, and Haddad, 2012, BMC Evol. Biol., 12(241): 1-21.

Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10: 308. Type species: Ctenophryne geayi Mocquard, 1904, by monotypy.

Nelsonophryne Frost, 1987, Copeia, 1987: 1025. Replacement name for Glossostoma Günther, 1900.

Melanophryne Lehr and Trueb, 2007, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 149: 585. Type species: Phrynopus carpish Lehr, Rodríguez, and Córdova, 2002, by original designation. Synonymy with Ctenophryne by de Sá, Streicher, Sekonyela, Forlani, Loader, Greenbaum, Richards, and Haddad, 2012, BMC Evol. Biol., 12(241): 1-21.

Common Names

Egg Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 89).

Nelson Frogs (Nelsonophryne [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 91).

Distribution

Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador, as well Guianian and Amazonian South America; northwestern Colombia.

Comment

Probably derived from Stereocyclops according to Carvalho, 1954, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 555: 4. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, suggested that Ctenophryne is the sister taxon of Nelsonophryne. Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 143, 146, included former Nelsonophryne species in Microhyla; Carvalho, 1954, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 555: 11, resurrected Glossostoma. This action was supported by karyotypic evidence provided by Bogart and Nelson, 1976, Herpetologica, 32: 204. de Sá, Streicher, Sekonyela, Forlani, Loader, Greenbaum, Richards, and Haddad, 2012, BMC Evol. Biol., 12(241): 1-21, placed Nelsonophryne into the synonymy of Ctenophryne.

Contained taxa (6 sp.):

Ctenophryne aequatorialis (Peracca, 1904)

Ctenophryne aterrima (Günther, 1901)

Ctenophryne barbatula (Lehr and Trueb, 2007)

Ctenophryne carpish (Lehr, Rodriguez, and Córdova, 2002)

Ctenophryne geayi Mocquard, 1904

Ctenophryne minor Zweifel and Myers, 1989

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