Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Uperodon Duméril and Bibron, 1841

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Microhylinae > Genus: Uperodon

13 species

Uperodon Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 48, 746. Type species: Engystoma marmoratum Guérin-Méneville, 1838 (= Rana systoma Schneider, 1799), by monotypy.

Hyperodon Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool., Fasc. 12: 190. Unjustified emendation of Uperodon Duméril and Bibron, 1841.

Cacopus Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 415. Substitute name for Uperodon Duméril and Bibron, 1841.

Pachybatrachus Keferstein, 1868, Arch. Naturgesch., 34: 273. Type species: Pachybatrachus petersii Keferstein, 1868, by monotypy. Also described as new by by Keferstein, 1868, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, 1868: 326. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 174. Synonymy disputed by Böhme and Bischoff, 1984, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 19: 183. Zweifel, 1985, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 182: 273-274, reinstated the synonymy. See Tyler, 1986, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 110: 91-92.

Ramanella Rao in Rao and Ramanna, 1925, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1925: 587. Type species: Ramanella symbiotica Rao and Ramanna, 1925 (= Callula variegata Stoliczka, 1872), by monotypy. Synonymy by Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, and Wheeler, 2016, Cladistics, 32: 138. Authorship discussed by Sherwood, 2022, Reptiles & Amphibians, 29: 257–258.

Common Names

Globular Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 93).

Balloon Frogs (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 102; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 7).

Dot Frogs (Ramanella [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 92).

Distribution

Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka; Myanmar.

Comment

Formerly in the Old World component of Microhylinae; Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 225, removed Uperodon from any subfamily pending resolution of its phylogenetic placement. Van Bocxlaer, Roelants, Biju, Nagaraju, and Bossuyt, 2006, PLoS One, 1: 1-6, transferred Uperodon to Microhylinae and suggested that it is the sister taxon of Ramanella. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their molecular study, confirmed this conclusion. Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4384: 1–88, reviewed the molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of the genus, as well as comparing advertisement calls and adult and larval anatomy. Othman and Borzée, 2026, Heredity, 135: 497–524, reported on divergence times, phylogeographic patterns and their drivers (barriers, climate fluctuations, glaciation and sea level change, and anthropogenic influences) for the last 60M years with particular reference to northeastern Asia (northeastern China, Korean Peninsula, and Japan); beyond the analysis a great source of relevant published literature.

Contained taxa (13 sp.):

Uperodon anamalaiensis (Rao, 1937)

Uperodon assamensis (Das, Sengupta, Ahmed, and Dutta, 2005)

Uperodon globulosus (Günther, 1864)

Uperodon montanus (Jerdon, 1853)

Uperodon mormoratus (Rao, 1937)

Uperodon nagaoi (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)

Uperodon obscurus (Günther, 1864)

Uperodon palmatus (Parker, 1934)

Uperodon rohani Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura, and Biju, 2018

Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799)

Uperodon taprobanicus (Parker, 1934)

Uperodon triangularis (Günther, 1876)

Uperodon variegatus (Stoliczka, 1872)

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