Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Scaphiophryninae > Genus: Scaphiophryne

10 species

Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 472. Type species: Scaphiophryne marmorata Boulenger, 1882, by monotypy.

Pseudohemisus Mocquard, 1895, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, Ser. 8, 7: 108. Type species: Hemisus obscurus Grandidier, 1872, by monotypy. Synonymy by Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 23, although having the type species as a nomen inquirienda makes this synonymy provisional (DRF).

English Names

Rain Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 114).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Comment

Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 21–34, provided accounts for the species as understood at the time. Grosjean, Glos, Teschke, Glaw, and Vences, 2007, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 151: 555–576, recognized two phenotypic groups (subgenera Scaphiophryne and Pseudohemisus) and discussed the divergent larval morphologies. Scherz, Schmidt, Crottini, Miralles, Rakotoarison, Raselimanana, Köhler, Glaw, and Vences, 2021, Zootaxa, 4938: 392–420, discussed the molecular phylogenetics, morphometrics, calls, and nomenclature of the species within the genus.

Contained taxa (10 sp.):

Scaphiophryne boribory Vences, Raxworthy, Nussbaum, and Glaw, 2003

Scaphiophryne brevis (Boulenger, 1896)

Scaphiophryne calcarata (Mocquard, 1895)

Scaphiophryne gottlebei Busse and Böhme, 1992

Scaphiophryne madagascariensis (Boulenger, 1882)

Scaphiophryne marmorata Boulenger, 1882

Scaphiophryne matsoko Raselimanana, Raxworthy, Andreone, Glaw, and Vences, 2014

Scaphiophryne menabensis Glos, Glaw, and Vences, 2005

Scaphiophryne obscura (Grandidier, 1872)

Scaphiophryne spinosa Steindachner, 1882

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