Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Mannophryne La Marca, 1992

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Dendrobatoidea > Family: Aromobatidae > Subfamily: Aromobatinae > Genus: Mannophryne

20 species

Mannophryne La Marca, 1992, Cuad. Geograf., Mérida, 9: 32. Type species: Colostethus yustizi La Marca, 1989, by original designation.

English Names

Fingered Poison Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 50; Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 8).

Distribution

Andes, Cordillera de la Costa, and Peninsula de Paría in Venezuela; Trinidad and Tobago.

Geographics occurrence

Natural resident: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

Comment

Mannophryne is equivalent to the former Colostethus trinitatis group (= Colostethus collaris group) (Group VII) of Rivero, 1990 "1988", Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 48: 3-32. Kaiser and Altig, 1994, J. Herpetol., 28: 374-376, disputed the reality of Mannophryne as based on unreliable characters. Grant, Humphrey, and Myers, 1997, Am. Mus. Novit., 3212: 29, suggested that Mannophryne might be monophyletic though insufficiently characterized. La Marca, 1995, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 31: 40-77, provided a synopsis and phylogenetic analysis of the species in this taxon. La Marca, 1994, Inst. Geograf. Fac. Cienc. Forestal., Univ. Los Andes, An. Invest., 1991: 43-45, discussed biogeography. La Marca, 1994, Publ. Asoc. Amigos Doñana, 4: 5-75, provided accounts and diagnoses of the species. Vences, Kosuch, Boistel, Haddad, La Marca, and Lötters, 2003, Organisms Divers. Evol., 3: 219, suggested a phylogeny within Mannophryne. Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 1-268, reviewed the group, documented its monophyly, and proposed a phylogeny. Manzanilla, La Marca, and García-París, 2009, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 97: 185-199, provided a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the group and suggested that the species diversity was underestimated. Barrio-Amorós, Santos, and Molina, 2010, Phyllomedusa, 9: 3–35, named three new species and commented on the ranges of all species as well as their conservation status.

Contained taxa (20 sp.):

Mannophryne caquetio Mijares-Urrutia and Arends-R., 1999

ƒMannophryne collaris (Boulenger, 1912)

Mannophryne cordilleriana La Marca, 1994

Mannophryne herminae (Boettger, 1893)

Mannophryne lamarcai Mijares-Urrutia and Arends-R., 1999

Mannophryne larandina (Yústiz, 1991)

Mannophryne leonardoi Manzanilla, La Marca, Jowers, Sánchez, and García-París, 2007

Mannophryne molinai Rojas-Runjaic, Matta-Pereira, and La Marca, 2018, Zootaxa, 4461:

Mannophryne neblina (Test, 1956)

Mannophryne oblitterata (Rivero, 1984)

Mannophryne olmonae (Hardy, 1983)

Mannophryne orellana Barrio-Amorós, Santos, and Molina, 2010

Mannophryne riveroi (Donoso-Barros, 1965)

Mannophryne speeri La Marca, 2009

Mannophryne trinitatis (Garman, 1888)

Mannophryne trujillensis Vargas Galarce and La Marca, 2007

Mannophryne urticans Barrio-Amorós, Santos, and Molina, 2010

Mannophryne venezuelensis Manzanilla, Jowers, La Marca, and García-París, 2007

Mannophryne vulcano Barrio-Amorós, Santos, and Molina, 2010

Mannophryne yustizi (La Marca, 1989)

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