Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Euphlyctis Fitzinger, 1843

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Dicroglossinae > Genus: Euphlyctis

8 species

Euphlyctis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 31. Type species: Rana leschenaultii Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (= Rana cyanophlyctis Schneider, 1799), by original designation.

Dicroglossus Günther, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 158. Type species: Dicroglossus adolfi Günther, 1860, by monotypy. Synonymy with Rana by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 7, and Myers, 1942, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55: 49–55; (with Euphlyctis) by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 240.

Phrynoderma Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 31. Type species: Rana cutipora Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (= Rana hexadactyla), by original designation. Synonymy (treatment as a subgenus of Euphlyctis) by Dufresnes, Mahony, Prasad, Kamei, Masroor, Khan, Al-Johany, Gautam, Gupta, Borkin, Melnikov, Rosanov, Skorinov, Borzée, Jablonski, and Litvinchuk, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20 (2102686): 1.

English Names

Five-fingered Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 98).

Skipper Frogs (Dufresnes, Mahony, Prasad, Kamei, Masroor, Khan, Al-Johany, Gautam, Gupta, Borkin, Melnikov, Rosanov, Skorinov, Borzée, Jablonski, and Litvinchuk, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20 (2102686): 1).

Skittering Frogs (Dufresnes, Mahony, Prasad, Kamei, Masroor, Khan, Al-Johany, Gautam, Gupta, Borkin, Melnikov, Rosanov, Skorinov, Borzée, Jablonski, and Litvinchuk, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20 (2102686): 1).

Distribution

Southwestern Arabian Peninsula; Pakistan and India to Afghanistan, Nepal, through Myanmar and Thailand to Malaya, and Sri Lanka.

Comment

Treated as a subgenus of Rana by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 233. First ranked in modern times as a genus by Poynton and Broadley, 1985, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124 (in the sense of including Phrynoderma), this arrangement followed by Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 314. Grosjean, Vences, and Dubois, 2004, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 81: 171–181, regarded on the basis of DNA sequence data that Euphlyctis (monophyly assumed) is the sister taxon of Hoplobatrachus, with Fejervarya, Sphaeroteca, Nannophrys and Limnonectes forming more distant relations. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 136, also regarded Euphlyctis as the sister taxon of Hoplobatrachus. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed the monophyly of this taxon, its position as sister of Hoplobatrachus, and a phylogenetic estimate for exemplar species. Dinesh, Channakeshavamurthy, Deepak, Ghosh, and Deuti, 2021, Zootaxa, 4990: 329–353, provided keys to the species, delimited two species groups (the Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis group and the Euphlyctis hexadactylus group, noted in the species records and now recognized, respectively as Phrynoderma and Euphlyctis), and provided an mtDNA ML tree of the species, noting several unnamed lineages. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 236, resurrected Phrynoderma. Dufresnes, Mahony, Prasad, Kamei, Masroor, Khan, Al-Johany, Gautam, Gupta, Borkin, Melnikov, Rosanov, Skorinov, Borzée, Jablonski, and Litvinchuk, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20 (2102686): 1–25, reported on the molecular phylogenetics and species delimitation in South Asia.

Euphlyctis given priority over Phrynoderma by action of first revisor, according to Dubois, 1975, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 324: 1112. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 237, discussed why this name is available, noting that Phrynoderma Sturm, 1828, Deutschl. Fauna, Amph.: 147, was original published as a synonym of Zopherus Gray, 1832, and not treated as available prior to 1961, making it unavailable. The former Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis group was trecognized as Phrynoderma by Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 237, and Dinesh, Channakeshavamurthy, Deepak, Shabnam, Ghosh, and Deuti, 2022, Zootaxa, 5100: 419. Subsequently, Dufresnes, Mahony, Prasad, Kamei, Masroor, Khan, Al-Johany, Gautam, Gupta, Borkin, Melnikov, Rosanov, Skorinov, Borzée, Jablonski, and Litvinchuk, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20 (2102686): 1–25, recognized Phrynoderma as a subgenus.

Contained taxa (8 sp.):

Euphlyctis adolfi (Gunther, 1860)

Euphlyctis aloysii Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida, and Kuramoto, 2009

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799)

Euphlyctis ehrenbergii (Peters, 1863)

Euphlyctis hexadactyla (Lesson, 1834)

Euphlyctis jaladhara Dinesh, Channakeshavamurthy, Deepak, Shabnam, Ghosh, and Deuti, 2022

Euphlyctis karaavali Priti, Naik, Seshadri, Singal, Vidisha, Ravikanth, and Gururaja, 2016

Euphlyctis kerala Dinesh, Channakeshavamurthy, Deepak, Ghosh, and Deuti, 2021

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