Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Xenorhina Peters, 1863

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Asterophryinae > Genus: Xenorhina

41 species

Xenorhina Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 82. Type species: Bombinator oxycephalus Schlegel, 1858, by monotypy.

Xenobatrachus Peters and Doria, 1878, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 13: 432. Type species: Xenobatrachus ophiodon Peters and Doria, 1878, by monotypy. Synonymy by Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 366.

Choanacantha Méhely, 1898, Termés. Füzetek, 21: 175. Type species: Choanacantha rostrata Méhely, 1898, by monotypy. Synonymy with Xenobatrachus by Méhely, 1901, Termés. Füzetek, 24: 182, 231; Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 54; Loveridge, 1948, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 101: 416.

Pseudengystoma De Witte, 1930 "1929", Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg., 60: 132. Type species: Pseudengystoma bouwensi De Witte, 1930 "1929", by monotypy. Synonymy (with Asterophrys) by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 58. Synonymy with Xenorhina by Zweifel, 1972, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 148: 531.

English Names

Snouted Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 93).

Fanged Frogs (Xenobatrachus [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 93).

Distribution

New Guinea, including some satellite islands.

Comment

Key and systematic discussion provided by Blum and Menzies, 1989 "1988", Alytes, 7: 125-163. Removed from the synonymy of Asterophrys by Zweifel, 1972, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 148: 426, where it had been placed by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 58. Kraus and Allison, 2002, Herpetologica, 58: 56, noted that recognition of Xenobatrachus may render Xenorhina paraphyletic. See Blum and Menzies, 1989 "1988", Alytes, 7: 125-163, for discussion of former Xenobatrachus. Menzies, 2006, Frogs New Guinea & Solomon Is.: 255-271, discussed the difficulty in separating former Xenorhina from Xenobatrachus, abandoned the Xenobatrachus rostratus group as undiagnosable, and provided brief accounts for the species. Köhler and Günther, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 47: 353-365, on the basis of molecular evidence regarded Xenobatrachus as phylogenetically imbedded within Xenorhina and supported the synonymy. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences, suggested that Xenorhina is polyphyletic, with Xenorhina obesa (a former member of Xenobatrachus) falling far from the remainder of their exemplars (composed of species formerly assigned to both Xenobatrachus and Xenorhina) of this genus. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 418, recovered Xenorhina as paraphyletic, but very weakly so in terms of confidence. Xenorhina obesa was weakly associated with a group of Asterophrys, and Xenorhina bouensi, Xenorhina lanthanites, Xenorhina oxycephala, and Xenorhina varia, forming a monophyletic group, the sister of Xenorhina obesa + (some Asterophrys + Oninia). In response to the general chaos of generic boundaries in Asterophryinae, the authors placed all asterophryine genera that they had sampled, other than Gastrophrynoides, into the synonymy of Asterophrys.

Contained taxa (41 sp.):

Xenorhina adisca Kraus and Allison, 2003

Xenorhina anorbis (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina arboricola Allison and Kraus, 2000

Xenorhina arfakiana (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina arndti Günther, 2010

Xenorhina bidens Van Kampen, 1909

Xenorhina bouwensi (De Witte, 1930)

Xenorhina brachyrhyncha Kraus, 2011

Xenorhina eiponis Blum and Menzies, 1989

Xenorhina fuscigula (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina gigantea Van Kampen, 1915

Xenorhina huon (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina lacrimosa Günther and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina lanthanites (Günther and Knop, 2006)

Xenorhina macrodisca Günther and Richards, 2005

Xenorhina macrops Van Kampen, 1913

Xenorhina mehelyi (Boulenger, 1898)

Xenorhina minima (Parker, 1934)

Xenorhina multisica (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina obesa (Zweifel, 1960)

Xenorhina ocellata Van Kampen, 1913

Xenorhina ophiodon (Peters and Doria, 1878)

Xenorhina oxycephala (Schlegel, 1858)

Xenorhina parkerorum Zweifel, 1972

Xenorhina perexigua Günther and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina pohleorum Günther and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina rostrata (Méhely, 1898)

Xenorhina salawati Günther, Richards, Tjaturadi, and Krey, 2020

Xenorhina scheepstrai (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina schiefenhoeveli (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina similis (Zweifel, 1956)

Xenorhina subcrocea (Menzies and Tyler, 1977)

Xenorhina thiekeorum Günther and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina tillacki Günther, Richards, and Dahl, 2014

Xenorhina tumulus (Blum and Menzies, 1989)

Xenorhina varia Günther and Richards, 2005

Xenorhina ventrimaculata Günther, Dahl, and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina waigeo Günther, Richards, Tjaturadi, and Krey, 2020

Xenorhina wiegankorum Günther and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina woxvoldi Günther and Richards, 2021

Xenorhina zweifeli (Kraus and Allison, 2002)

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