Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Osornophryne

11 species

Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976, Caldasia, 11: 97. Type species: Osornophryne percrassa Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976, by original designation.

English Names

Plump Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 45).

Distribution

Cordillera Central in Colombia to central Andes of Ecuador, between 2700 and 3700 m.

Comment

For discussion and review see Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976, Caldasia, 11: 93–148. See Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 197–205, for discussion of phylogenetic relationships. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 129, regarded it as most closely related to Atelopus of the exemplars that they studied. Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679–682, suggested that Osornophryne was distantly related to Atelopus, but still attaching to the bufonid tree near the base. Hoogmoed, 1987, Zool. Meded., Leiden, 61: 209–242, provided a key. See comment under Nannophryne cophotis. See comment under Incilius fastidiosus. Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 122, presented evidence supporting the monophyly of Osornophryne. Gluesenkamp, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 268–279, discussed the distinctiveness of Osornophryne sumacoensis, Osornophryne guacamayo, and Osornophryne antisana. Mueses-Cisneros, 2003, Caldasia, 25: 419–427, reviewed the species in Colombia. Páez-Moscoso, Guayasamin, and Yánez-Muñoz, 2011, ZooKeys, 108: 73–97, provided a key to the species within the genus and a mtDNA tree of the species. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, in their study of Genbank sequences, did not find Osornophryne as the sister taxon of Atelopus (among their exemplar taxa), but as the sister taxon of all bufonids excepting Melanophryniscus and Atelopus. Páez-Moscoso and Guayasamin, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 805–822, provided a species tree and discussed the evidence supporting current delimitations.

Contained taxa (11 sp.):

Osornophryne angel Yánez-Muñoz, Altamirano-Benavides, Cisneros-Heredia, and Gluesenkamp, 2011

Osornophryne antisana Hoogmoed, 1987

Osornophryne bufoniformis (Peracca, 1904)

Osornophryne cofanorum Mueses-Cisneros, Yánez-Muñoz, and Guayasamin, 2010

Osornophryne guacamayo Hoogmoed, 1987

Osornophryne occidentalis Cisneros-Heredia and Gluesenkamp, 2011

Osornophryne percrassa Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976

Osornophryne puruanta Gluesenkamp and Guayasamin, 2008

Osornophryne simpsoni Páez-Moscoso, Guayasamin, and Yánez-Muñoz, 2011

Osornophryne sumacoensis Gluesenkamp, 1995

Osornophryne talipes Cannatella, 1986

External links:

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