Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Cycloramphus Tschudi, 1838

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Cycloramphidae > Genus: Cycloramphus

30 species

Cycloramphus Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 81. Type species: Cycloramphos fulginosus Tschudi, 1838, by monotypy.

Cycloramphos — Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 41. Alternative spelling.

Cycloramphus Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool., Fasc. 12: 110. Selection of preferred spelling.

Pithecopsis Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 22. Type species: Cycloramphus fulginosus Tschudi, 1838, by monotypy. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 189.

Zachaenus Cope, 1866, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 6: 94. Type species: Cystignathus parvulus Girard, 1853, by original designation. Synonymy by Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 179.

Grypiscus Cope, 1867, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 6: 208. Type species: Grypiscus umbrinus Cope, 1867, by monotypy. Synonymy by Lutz, 1929, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 22: 9.

Oocormus Boulenger, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 16: 182. Type species: Oocormus microps Boulenger, 1905, by monotypy. Synonymy with Zachaenus by Lutz, 1944, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 17: 42.

Iliodiscus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, Rev. Mus. Paulista, São Paulo, 12: 267. Type species: Iliodiscus dubius Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, by subsequent designation of Gorham, 1966, Das Tierreich, 85: 46, and Lynch, 1971, Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 53: 139. The designation as type species of Telmatobius brasiliensis Steindachner, 1864, by Bokermann, 1951, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 80, was in error because this taxon was not part of the original concept, according to Lynch, 1971, Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 53: 139. Synonymy by Lutz, 1929, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 22: 9.

Craspedoglossa Müller, 1922, Bl. Aquar. Terrarienkd., Stuttgart, 33: 167. Type species: Craspedoglossa santae-catharinae Müller, 1922, by monotypy. Synonymy by Heyer, 1983, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 30: 288.

Niedenia Ahl, 1924, Zool. Anz., 58: 107. Type species: Niedenia spinulifer Ahl, 1923, by monotypy. Synonymy by Noble, 1926, Am. Mus. Novit., 212: 14.

Cyclorhamphus — Lutz, 1929, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 22: 11. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Common Names

Button Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 71).

Bug-eyed Frogs (Zachaenus [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 85).

Distribution

Southeastern Brazil.

Comment

Heyer, 1983, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 30: 235-339, revised and reviewed the genus. Heyer and Maxson, 1983, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 30: 341-373, discussed relationships, zoogeography, and speciation mechanisms. Lingnau, Solé, Dallacorte, and Kwet, 2008, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 4: 224-235, discussed evidence and distribution of reproductive modes. Sabbag, Lyra, Zamudio, Haddad, Feio, Leite, Gasparini, and Brasileiro, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 122: 142–156, provided molecular evidence that Zachaenus is imbedded within Cycloramphus, rendering the latter nonmonophyletic. de Sá, Haddad, Gray, Verdade, Thomé, Rodrigues, and Zamudio, 2020, Evolution, 74: 459–475, found Cycloramphus to be deeply paraphyletic with respect to Zachaenus. Bueno, Gatto, Gazolla, Leivas, Struett, Moura, and Bruschi, 2021, PLoS One, 16(1: e0245128): 1–20, employed 5S rDNA analysis to illustrate chromosome evolution within the genus. Sabbag, Lyra, Zamudio, Haddad, Feio, Leite, Gasparini, and Brasileiro, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 122: 142–156, provided molecular evidence that Zachaenus is imbedded within Cycloramphus, rendering the latter nonmonophyletic. de Sá, Haddad, Gray, Verdade, Thomé, Rodrigues, and Zamudio, 2020, Evolution, 74: 459–475, found Zachaenus to sit phylogenetically within Cycloramphus but declined from taking the taxonomic remedy for undisclosed reasons. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 179, placed Zachaenus into the synonymy of Cycloramphus. Colaço, Batista, Limp, and Silva, 2021, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 61 (e20216148): 1–11, discussed comparative larval morphology of the species and reviewed the literature of larval morphology of this group. Dias, Vera Candioti, Sabbag, Colaço, Silva, Haddad, Carvalho-e-Silva, and Grant, 2021, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 59: 1297–1321, reported on the comparative anatomy, systematics, functional morphology, and evolution of semiterrestrial tadpoles in the group.

Contained taxa (30 sp.):

Cycloramphus acangatan Verdade and Rodrigues, 2003

Cycloramphus asper Werner, 1899

Cycloramphus bandeirensis Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus bolitoglossus (Werner, 1897)

Cycloramphus boraceiensis Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1864)

Cycloramphus carvalhoi (Izecksohn, 1983)

Cycloramphus catarinensis Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus cedrensis Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus diringshofeni Bokermann, 1957

Cycloramphus dubius (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)

Cycloramphus duseni (Andersson, 1914)

Cycloramphus eleutherodactylus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)

Cycloramphus faustoi Brasileiro, Haddad, Sawaya, and Sazima, 2007

Cycloramphus fuliginosus Tschudi, 1838

Cycloramphus granulosus Lutz, 1929

Cycloramphus heyeri Segalla, Berneck, Canedo, Caramaschi, Cruz, Garcia, Grant, Haddad, Lourenço, Mângia, Mott, Nascimento, Toledo, Werneck, and Langone, 2021

Cycloramphus izecksohni Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus juimirim Haddad and Sazima, 1989

Cycloramphus lithomimeticus Silva and Ouvernay, 2012

Cycloramphus lutzorum Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus migueli Heyer, 1988

Cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus ohausi (Wandolleck, 1907)

Cycloramphus organensis Weber, Verdade, Salles, Fouquet, and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2011

Cycloramphus parvulus (Girard, 1853)

Cycloramphus rhyakonastes Heyer, 1983

Cycloramphus semipalmatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)

Cycloramphus stejnegeri (Noble, 1924)

Cycloramphus valae Heyer, 1983

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