Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Trachycephalus Tschudi, 1838

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hylidae > Subfamily: Hylinae > Genus: Trachycephalus

18 species

Trachycephalus Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 33, 74. Type species: Trachycephalus nigromaculatus Tschudi, 1838, by monotypy.

Phrynohyas Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 30. Type species: Hyla zonata Spix, 1824 (= Rana venulosa Laurenti, 1768), by original designation. Placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Anonymous, 1958, Opin. Declar. Internatl. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 19: 172. Synonymy by Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 294: 111.

Acrodytes Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 30. Type species: Hyla venulosa Daudin, 1802 (= Rana venulosa Laurenti, 1768), by original designation. Name suppressed for purposes of Priority but not Homonymy by Anonymous, 1958, Opin. Declar. Internatl. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 19: 169.

Scytopis Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 354. Type species: Scytopis hebes Cope, 1862, by monotypy. Synonymy with Acrodytes by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 365. Synonymy with Phrynohyas by Duellman, 1971, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 4: 11.

Scytopsis — Knauer, 1878, Naturgesch. Lurche: 112. Subsequent misspelling of Scytopis.

Tetraprion Stejneger and Test, 1891, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 14: 167. Type species: Tetraprion jordani Stejneger and Test, 1891, by original designation. Synonymy with Diaglena by Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 8: 456. Synonymy with Trachycephalus by Trueb, 1970, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 18: 601.

English Names

Casque-headed Treefrogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 65).

Marbled Treefrogs (Phrynohyas [no longer recognized]: Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 25).

Golden-eyed Treefrogs (Phrynohyas [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 61).

Milk Frogs (Phrynohyas [no longer recognized]: Trade name).

Casque-headed Canopy Treefrogs (Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 14).

Distribution

Lowlands of Mexico, Central and South America east of the Andes, south to northern Argentina and eastern Brazil.

Comment

For review of Trachycephalus prior to the synonymy of Phrynohyas see Trueb, 1970, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 18: 546-716. For a review of Phrynohyas genus see Duellman, 1971, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 4: 1-21. In Lophyohylini of Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 294: 107. Smith, Arif, Nieto-Montes de Oca, and Wiens, 2007, Evolution, 61: 2075-2085, and Moen and Wiens, 2009, Evolution, 63: 195-214, recognized the nonmonophyletic Phrynohyas with no comment. Dewynter, Marty, Courtois, Blanc, Gaucher, Martinez, and Fouquet, 2016, Cah. Fondation Biotope, 7: 1–16, provided an illustrated key to the species of French Guiana. Silva, Carvalho, Pereira Silva, Fadel, Dantas, Brandão, and Santana, 2020, Biota Neotrop., 20 (1: e20190838): 17, reported an unnamed species with an unpaired vocal sac from the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Blotto, Lyra, Cardoso, Rodrigues, Dias, Marciano, Vechio, Orrico, Brandão, Assis, Lantyer-Silva, Rutherford, Gagliardi-Urrutia, Solé, Baldo, Nunes, Cajade, Torres, Grant, Jungfer, Silva, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Cladistics, 37: 36–72, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of this group as well as its placement within the lophiohylines.

Contained taxa (18 sp.):

Trachycephalus "vermiculatus"

Trachycephalus atlas Bokermann, 1966

Trachycephalus coriaceus (Peters, 1867)

Trachycephalus cunauaru Gordo, Toledo, Suárez, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ávila, Morais, and Nunes, 2013

Trachycephalus dibernardoi Kwet and Solé, 2008

Trachycephalus hadroceps (Duellman and Hoogmoed, 1992)

Trachycephalus helioi Nunes, Suárez, Gordo, and Pombal, 2013

Trachycephalus imitatrix (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)

Trachycephalus jordani (Stejneger and Test, 1891)

Trachycephalus lepidus (Pombal, Haddad, and Cruz, 2003)

Trachycephalus macrotis (Andersson, 1945)

Trachycephalus mambaiensis Cintra, Silva, Silva, Garcia, and Zaher, 2009

Trachycephalus mesophaeus (Hensel, 1867)

Trachycephalus nigromaculatus Tschudi, 1838

Trachycephalus quadrangulum (Boulenger, 1882)

Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Goeldi, 1907)

Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Trachycephalus venezolanus (Mertens, 1950)

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