Adenomera Steindachner, 1867

Common Names

Tropical Bullfrogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 70).

Robust Thin-toed Frog (Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 14). 

Distribution

South America east of the Andes. 

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Leptodactylus by Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, where it had been placed by Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 207. See comment under Leptodactylus for additional comments related to its taxonomic history with that genus. Kok, 2000, Brit. Herpetol. Soc. Bull., 71: 21, reported two undescribed species of nominal Adenomera from French Guiana. Angulo, Cocroft, and Reichle, 2003, Herpetologica, 59: 490–504, reported on the basis of call parameters, four species in southeastern Peru, of which two might correspond to Adenomera hylaedactyla and Adenomera andreae, although the associations of call-types to taxa remain confusing. Angulo and Icochea, 2010, Syst. Biodiversity, 8: 357–370, discussed cryptic species in the Leptodactylus marmoratus group. Heyer, 1974, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 253: 1–46, resurrected Adenomera for the Leptodactylus marmoratus group and Heyer, 1977, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 89: 581–592, compared the species phenetically. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 207, on the basis of evidence presented by Heyer, 1998, Alytes, 16: 1–24, and Kokubum and Giaretta, 2005, J. Nat. Hist., London, 39: 1745–1758, placed Lithodytes (including Adenomera) as a subgenus of Leptodactylus on phylogenetic grounds. Ponssa and Heyer, 2007, Zootaxa, 1403: 1–24, postulated that this evidence might be wrong and retained Adenomera and Lithodytes on the basis of this doubt. The Leptodactylus marmoratus group was transferred to Adenomera by Heyer, 1974, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 253: 1–46. Kwet, Steiner, and Zillikens, 2009, Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ., 44: 94, argued for the retention of Adenomera although within a framework of a paraphyletic Leptodactylus. Giaretta, Freitas, Antoniazzi, and Jared, 2011, Zootaxa, 3011: 38–44, provided larval morphology that suggested that nominal Adenomera is a subtaxon of the Leptodactylus fuscus group. Heyer and de Sá, 2011, Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 635: 1–58, provided a review and revision of the Leptodactylus bolivianus complex. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, in their molecular study and excluding morphological evidence, concluded that Lithodytes is the sister taxon of Adenomera and together the sister taxon of Leptodactylus. Fouquet, Cassini, Haddad, Pech, and Rodrigues, 2014, J. Biogeograph., 41: 855–870, reported on the molecular phylogenetics and suggested on this basis that Lithodytes is the sister taxon of Adenomera, and noted a number of unnamed species, one in the Adenomera martinezi clade, two in the Adenomera thomei clade, seven in the Adenomera marmorata clade, four in the Adenomera andreae clade, five in the Adenomera heyeri clade, and one in the Adenomera lutzi clade. Ferraro, Blotto, Baldo, Barrasso, Barrionuevo, Basso, Cardozo, Cotichelli, Faivovich, Pereyra, and Lavilla, 2018, in Vaira, Akmentins, and Lavilla (eds.), Cuad. Herpetol., 32 (Supl. 1): 17–19, reported populations of problematic taxonomic status in Argentina. Silva, Carvalho, Pereira Silva, Fadel, Dantas, Brandão, and Santana, 2020, Biota Neotrop., 20 (1: e20190838): 16, reported two unnamed species from the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Carvalho, Angulo, Barrera, Aguilar-Puntriano, and Haddad, 2020, Herpetologica, 76: 304–314, provided a tree of relationship of the Adenomera andreae clade, noting at least two unnamed species (Adenomera sp. D, the sister taxon of Adenomera chicomendesi, and Adenomera sp. T, the sister taxon of Adenomera guarayo). Carvalho, Moraes, Lima, Fouquet, Peloso, Pavan, Drummond, Rodrigues, Giaretta, Gordo, Neckel de Oliveira, and Haddad, 2021, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 191: 395–433, reported on the molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Adenomera heyeri clade (Adenomera amicorum, Adenomera aurantiaca, Adenomera cotuba, Adenomera gridipappi, Adenomera heyeri, Adenomera inopinata, Adenomera juikitam Adenomera kayapo, Adenomera phonotriccus, and Adenomera tapajonica). Dominato, Oliveira, Cassini, Orrico, Mariano, and Silva, 2022, Comp. Cytogenet., 16: 151–159, reported the karyotype of Adenomera thomei plus two unnamed but related lineages.

Contained taxa (32 sp.):

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