Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Pristimantis
608 species

Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 61. Type species: Pristimantis galdi Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, by monotypy.

Cyclocephalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862–1865: pl. 3. Type species: Cyclocephalus lacrimosus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, by monotypy. Synonymy with Eleutherodactylus by Lynch and Schwartz, 1971, J. Herpetol., 5: 103–114. Synonymy with Pristimantis by implication of Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092–10094.

Hypodictyon Cope, 1885 "1884", Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 22: 383. Type species: Phyllobates ridens Cope, 1866, by original designation. Synonymy with Syrrhophus by Boulenger, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888: 206; with Eleutherodactylus by implication of Taylor, 1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 35: 690; with Pristimantis by implication of Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092-10094. Considered a subgenus of Pristimantis by Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 114. Subgenera rejected by Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 57, 125. 

LiohylaCope, 1893, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 31: 335. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Leiyla Keferstein, 1868, according to Myers, 1962, Copeia, 1962: 200.

Pseudohyla Andersson, 1945, Ark. Zool., 37A(2): 86. Type species: Pseudohyla nigrogrisea Andersson, 1946 "1945", by monotypy. Synonymy with Eleutherodactylus by Lynch, 1969, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 68: 219–224; with Pristimantis by implication of Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092–10094.

Trachyphrynus Goin and Cochran, 1963, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 31: 502. Type species: Trachyphrynus myersi Goin and Cochran, 1963, by original designation. Synonymy with Eleutherodactylus by Lynch, 1968, Herpetologica, 24: 289–300; with Pristimantis by implication of Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092–10094. Treatement as a subgenus of Pristimantis by Franco-Mena, Guayasamin, Andrade-Brito, Yánez-Muñoz, and Rojas-Runjaic, 2023, PeerJ, 11 (e14715): 1–35. 

Mucubatrachus La Marca, 2007 "2006", Herpetotropicos, Mérida, 3: 68; Type species: Hylodes briceni Boulenger, 1903, by original designation. Synonymy by Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 116–118; this synonymy confirmed by Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 56. Recognized without comment by Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 581.

Paramophrynella La Marca, 2007 "2006", Herpetotropicos, Mérida, 3: 84; Type species: Eupsophus ginesi Rivero, 1964, by original designation. Synonymy by Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 116–118; this synonymy confirmed by Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 56.

Huicundomantis Páez and Ron, 2019, ZooKeys, 868: 26. Type species: Pristimantis phoxocephalus (Lynch, 1979). Named as a subgenus of Pristimantis

English Names

South American Rain Frogs (Kok and Kalamandeen, 2008, Intr. Taxon. Amph. Kaieteur Natl. Park: 238).

South American Big-toed Landfrogs (Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 15). 

Distribution

Honduras east through Central America through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Amazonian and Atlantic Forest Brazil and the Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada, Lesser Antilles.

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Eleutherodactylus on the basis of molecular evidence by Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092–10094, where it had been placed by Peters, 1955, Rev. Ecuat. Entomol. Parsitol., 2: 350 (and earlier with Hylodes sensu lato by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 198). See Duellman and Lehr, 2009, Terrest.-breeding Frogs in Peru: 125–258, for brief accounts of the Peruvian species. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed the monophyly of this taxon, it sister-taxon relationship with Phrynopus + Lynchius + Oreobates, and provided a tree of their molecular exemplar species. Pinto-Sánchez, Ibáñez D., Madriñán, Sanjur, Bermingham, and Crawford, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 62: 954–972, provided an extensive molecular tree of species that suggests that almost none of the nominal subgenera and species groups so far suggested (except likely the Pristimantis pardalis group, the Pristimantis rubicundus group) are monophyletic. Because they examined only 134 of the 437 species these author refrained from reformulating an infrageneric taxonomy. Canedo and Haddad, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 610-620, provided a molecular cladogram suggesting that Yunganastes is the sister taxon of Pristimantis. Kok, MacCulloch, Means, Roelants, Van Bocxlaer, and Bossuyt, 2012, Curr. Biol., 22: R589–R590, provided a molecular tree of tepui species. Köhler, 2011, Amph. Cent. Am.: 140–191, provided a key to the genera and species of Brachycephaloidea (= Craugastoridae, Eleutherodactylidae) in Central America and provided maps and photographs of the species. Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 56, rejected the subgenera of Hedges et al. (2008) on the basis of the paraphyly of Pristimantis with respect to Hypodictyon.and reformulated the species series and species groups within Pristimantis of previous authors to make them explicitly monophyletic. These authors noted that with the transfer of Pristimantis peruvianus to the Pristimantis conspicillatus group the name of the remainder of the former Pristimantis peruvianus group becomes the Pristimantis danae group. These authors reformulated the species groups of previous authors to be monophyletic. They also transferred the former Pristimantis curtipes, Pristimantis devillei, and Pristimantis surdus species groups as well as Pristimantis thymalopsoides into the Pristimantis devillei group. Pristimantis acuminatus, Pristimantis padiali, Pristimantis tantanti, and Pristimantis pseudoacuminatus from the non-monophyletic Pristimantis unistrigatus group into the Pristimantis lacrimosus species group. González-Durán, 2016, Zootaxa, 4066: 421–437, provided a table of morphological comparisons of the species of the Pristimantis leptolophus species group. Rivera-Correa and Daza-R., 2016, Acta Herpetol., Firenze, 11: 31–45, provided molecular evidence for the diphyly of the Pristimantis lacrimosus group with their clade A, of Colombia (Pristimantis angustilineatus, Pristimantis boulengeri, Pristimantis brevifrons, Pristimantis dorsopictus, and Pristimantis urani) most closely related to members of the Pristimantis lacrimosus, Pristimantis myersi and Pristimantis surdus groups and their clade B of  Central America, Ecuador and Peru (Pristimantis acuminatus, Pristimantis bromeliaceus, Pristimantis galdi, Pristimantis mendax, Pristimantis mindo, Pristimantis moro, Pristimantis schudltei, and Pristimantis subsigillatus) forming the sister group of a group of species otherwise largely unnassigned by previous author to groups. Mendoza, Ospina, Cárdenas-Henao, and García-R., 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 85: 50–58, reported on historical biogeography based on a maximum-likelihood tree. Yánez-Muñoz, Reyes-Puig, Bejarano-Muñoz, and Ron, 2015, Avanc. Cienc. Ingen., Quito, Secc. B,, 7: 52–60, provided a table of morphological comparison for members of the Pristimantis devillei group. Rivera-Correa, Jiménez-Rivillas, and Daza-R., 2017, Zootaxa, 4242: 313–343, provided a molecule-based phylogenetic analysis of the Pristimantis leptolophus group. Rivera-Correa, Jiménez-Rivillas, and Daza-R., 2017, Zootaxa, 4242: 313–343, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the Pristimantis leptolophus species group (old delimitation). (See Rivera-Correa, Jiménez-Rivillas, and Daza-R., 2017, Zootaxa, 4254: 500, for addendum of species-comparison table.) González-Durán, Targino, Rada, and Grant, 2017, Zootaxa, 4243: 42–74, reported on the molecular and morphological phylogenetics and a redelimited Pristimantis leptolophus group and a Pristimantis boulengeri group in order to render a monophyletic taxonomy. Rojas-Morales and Marín-Martínez, 2019, J. Threatened Taxa, 11: 13261–13277, noted three unnamed species in Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados, Caldas, Colombia. Waddell, Crotti, Lougheed, Cannatella, and Elmer, 2018, Syst. Biodiversity, 16: 807–819, reported on the molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the species in the genus with cogent discussion of the taxonomic problems remaining in this very large taxon of frogs, including the problem of substantial numbers of unnamed lineages. Páez and Ron, 2019, ZooKeys, 868: 1–112, reported on the phylogenetics, cryptic species (of which they named 11 and identified several others) and taxonomy of the subgenus Huicundomantis. Trevisan, Batalha, Garda, Menezes, Dias, Solé, Canedo, and Juncá, 2020, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 148 (106811): 1–9, reported on the diversification history within the Atlantic forest of Brazil. See brief accounts for the species Manu region, Peru, by Villacampa-Ortega, Serrano-Rojas, and Whitworth, 2017, Amph. Manu Learning Cent.: 68–101, including four seemingly unnamed species. Székely, Eguiguren, Ordóñez-Delgado, Armijos-Ojeda, and Székely, 2020, PLoS One, 15(9: e0238306): 1–59, provided a ML tree of (1) the species within the Pristimantis orestes species group, and (2) the Huicundomantis subgenus of Pristimantis, as well as discussing the species of of the Abra de Zamora, Zamora Chinchipe and Loja Provinces, Ecuador. Ron, Carrión-Olmedo, Caminer, Sagredo, Navarrete, Ortega, Varela-Jaramillo, Maldonado-Castro, and Terán, 2020, ZooKeys, 993: 121–155, discussed phylogenetics of species in the Pristimantis lacrimosus species group. Sánchez-Nivicela, Urgilés, Cedeño-Palacios, Abad-Peñafiel, and Guayasamin, 2021, Neotropical Biodiversity, 6: 224–237, delimited the Pristimantis orcesi group (Pristimantis orcesi, Pristimantis erythros, and Pristimantis andinodiabolus). Zumel, Buckley, and Ron, 2021, Zool. J. Linn. Soc.: 1–40, reported on the molecular and morphological phylogenetics of the Pristimantis trachyblepharis group with special reference to the evolution of body size. García-Gómez, Pereyra, Cabra-García, and Ospina-Sarria, 2022, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 136: 264–281, reported on the evolutionary history of secondary sex characters across Pristimantis, demonstrating a rather complex pattern of multiple independent gains and losses, and provided morphological synapomorphies for the Pristimantis devellei and Pristimantis unistrigatus species groups. Ospina-Sarria and Grant, 2022, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 195: 976–994, reported on morphology of pelivic and thigh musculature and digital discs of the Brachycephaloidea, and identified an unambiguous synapomorphy of the Pristimantis conspicillatus species group. Bejarano-Muñoz, Ron, Navarrete, and Yánez-Muñoz, 2022, Cuad. Herpetol., 36: 125–154, reported on comparative morphology and molecular/phylogenetic relationships within the Pristimantis boulengeri group. Ortega, Brito-M., and Ron, 2022, PeerJ, 10 (e13761): 1–66, expanded the subgenus Huicundomantis to include a new species group, the Pristimantis miktos group, composed of Pristimantis miktos, Pristimantis mallii, and Pristimantis tamiae, and formed a new species group with weak placement within Pristimantis, the Pristimantis anaiae group, composed of Pristimantis anaiae, Pristimantis glendae, Pristimantis kunam, Pristimantis resistencia, and Pristimantis venegasi. They also Fouquet, Réjaud, Rodrigues, Ron, Chaparro, Osorno-Muñoz, Werneck, Hrbek, Lima, Camacho-Badani, Jaramillo-Martinez, and Chave, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20(1: 2130464): 1–16, reported on the phylogenetics and biogeography of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group, recognizing within it a Pristimantis conspicillatus clade, Pristimantis fenestratus clade, Pristimantis ramagii clade, Pristimantis vilarsi clade, and Pristimantis nicefori clade. Acevedo-Rincón, Palma, and Olalla‑Tárraga, 2022, Sci. Rep. (Nature, London), 12 (18106): 1–13, reported on the ecological trends of body size within Pristimantis, based on a molecular phylogeny of 257 species from within the genus. On the basis of denser taxon sampling than provided by Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 1–32, Franco-Mena, Guayasamin, Andrade-Brito, Yánez-Muñoz, and Rojas-Runjaic, 2023, PeerJ, 11 (e14715): 1–35, redelimited the Pristimantis myersi group by exclusion of Pristimantis albujai, Pristimantis bicantus, Pristimantis sambalan, and Pristimantis nelsongalloi, recognized a new subgenus for the group, Trachyphrynus, and noted substantial cryptic species diversity. : 41–69, provided a mt- and nuDNA based phylogeny of the Pristimantis orestes species group and formalized three subgroups: (1) the Pristimantis orestes subgroup; (2) Pristimantis simonbolivari subgroup; and (3) Pristimantis colodactylus subgroup. 

Contained taxa (608 sp.):

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